Influence of Food Insecurity on Child Growth and Development: A Northern Nigeria Study

Abstract

Food insecurity remains a critical issue in Northern Nigeria, significantly impacting children's growth, cognitive development, and academic performance. This study investigates the long-term effects of food insecurity on children aged 5–12 years in three states—Kano, Borno, and Katsina—using a cross-sectional mixed-methods design. Data were collected from 600 households through quantitative measures such as height, weight, cognitive tests, and academic records, alongside qualitative insights from parents, teachers, and community leaders. Findings reveal that 45% of children in food-insecure households were stunted, 20% were underweight, and their cognitive scores averaged 25% lower than those of food-secure children. Academic performance was similarly affected, with food-insecure children attending school 65% of the time compared to 85% for their peers. Qualitative data highlighted parents’ struggles to provide nutritious food and teachers ‘observations of reduced classroom engagement among malnourished children. The study underscores the interconnectedness of nutrition, education, and long-term development. Addressing food insecurity through community-based nutrition programs, school meal initiatives, and strengthened policies is essential to improve health and educational outcomes for vulnerable children in Northern Nigeria.